Symbolism And Metabolism

The synaptonemal complex is a protein complex, which can mediate the crossing over among homologous chromosomes (Peoples,T.L. 2002). It consists of three important parts, the lateral element, the central element and the transverse element. During the leptotene stage, the SYCP2 and SYCP3 proteins form axial elements, lateral element and precursors. The SYCP1 protein contains a carboxy-terminal domain and an amino-terminal domain that are necessary for interaction with lateral and central elements, respectively.

The small subunit of the ribosome arranges the mRNA so that it can be read it segments of 3 nucleotides. A group of 3 nucleotides is called codons. Each codon on the mRNA molecule matches a corresponding anti-codon on the base of a tRNA molecule. The tRNA anti-codon attaches to the mRNA codon. Then, the larger subunit of the ribosome disconnects an amino acid from a corresponding tRNA molecule and adds it to the growing protein chain.

Role of Enzymes in Metabolic Pathways Summary Metabolic pathways are a sequences of steps found in biochemical reactions in which the product of one reaction is the substrate for the next reaction [3]. Metabolic pathways most likely happen in specific locations in the cell. The control of any metabolic process depends on control of the enzymes responsible for the reactions occur in the pathways. After food is added to the body, molecules in the digestive system called enzymes break proteins down into fats into fatty acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates into simple sugars (for example, glucose). Enzymes plays an important role in the different metabolic pathways [5].

Boston Pearson). Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy of the reaction making the reaction produce faster. Enzymes begin to catalyze chemical reactions with the binding of the substrate to the active site on the enzyme. The products are released from the enzyme surface to regenerate the enzyme for another reaction cycle. The active site has a unique geometric shape that is complementary to the shape of a substrate molecule, similar to the fit of puzzle pieces.

The effect of pH on the speed of enzyme interaction with substrate chemicals Hypothesis: About pH: If the pH level is less than 5, then the speed of the enzyme reaction will be slower. About temperature: If the temperature stays the same, then the speed of the enzyme reaction will not be completely affected. Background information: The function of enzymes is to speed up the biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, they do this by colliding with the substrate. All enzymes are under the class of protein biomolecule. Amino acids are the basic units that are combined to make up an enzyme.

The roles are as follows for the bacterial cells, the structure flagella are the swimming movement of the cell, pili stabilizes the cells during DNA transfer, the capsules are used as protection for the cell when a method of killing or digestion is happening. The cell wall confers rigidity and the shape they have, the plasmic membranes are the barriers and the location for the enzyme systems which produces energy. The ribosomes like animal and plant is the factor for protein synthesis. The other functions like the Chromosomes and the plasmid make up the DNA of the cell. Explain how bacteria cells make energy for cellular processes.

Transfection: One of the methods of gene transfer where the genetic material is deliberately introduced into the animal cell in view of studying various functions of proteins and the gene. This mode of gene transfer involves creation of pores on the cell membrane enabling the cell to receive the foreign genetic material. Transfection can be carried out using calcium phosphate (i.e. tricalcium phosphate), by electroporation, by cell squeezing or by mixing a cationic lipid with the material to produce liposomes which fuse with the cell membrane and deposit their cargo inside. The choice of methods of DNA transfer depends upon the target cells in which transformation will be performed.

4.3) Briefly explain what you understand by specific activity of an enzyme and how you could measure it. (P 4.3) Specific activity is a term utilize to measure the rate of reaction of an enzyme with a substrate. Specific enzyme activity is a measure of enzymes purity and quoted as units/ mg. the value becomes huge as an enzyme preparation becomes purer since the amount of protein (mg) is typically less, but the rate of reaction stays the same/ may increase due to reduced interference/ removal of inhibitors. SPECIFIC ACTIVITY MEASURING ENZYME KINETICS Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts in reducing the amount of activation energy for a reaction to take place, activation energy that is needed for get reactions begins since several reactions. Do not take place at all.

Through catalyzation, the process of speeding up chemical reactions, enzymes attach to a substrate/molecule and break it down so that it can be used throughout the organism. Enzymes break down substrates in a very efficient way; through an assembly line (3). One enzyme starts off by attaching itself to a substrate at the active site, where the two undergo chemical reactions.

• Enzyme Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Introduction It is the study of those reactions that are moderated by enzymes. In enzyme kinetics, the rate of reaction is measured and the effects of different conditions of the reaction are found out. Enzymes are protein in nature that moderate other molecules — the enzymes ' molecules . These target molecules bind to an enzyme 's activity site and are transformed into completed products through a series of steps known as enzymatic mechanism. These mechanisms can be divided into single-step and multiple-step mechanisms.