Summary: The Gender Pay Gap

Steps have been taken to end this injustice, and over the years the Wage Gap has narrowed, but yet is substantial. The 2009 Lilly Ledbetter Act, protects a woman’s right to take action against pay discrimination is not enough. Despite of laws that don’t allow gender wage gap, it continues. “Federal law already prohibits gender-based pay discrimination, but violations are hard to prove and wage gaps persist in nearly every industry” (Cowely). This indicates that the government needs to pass additional wage equality legislations with severe consequences if violated and also ways to expose the employers that practice this injustice.

In his article, Mark Perry, the professor of economics and finance, argues if the gender wage gap is caused by discrimination. In his opinion, simply claim that women are paid less due to discrimination is “fundamentally misleading” and “economically illogical.” There are more factors that affects this issue. In addition to the physical differences between men and women, different hours of work, importance degree of children, and occupational selections also influence different earnings.

Germany government has adopted several strategies to make their labor market flexible aiming to increase employment rates. However, many experts argue that unemployment can negatively affect social cohesion and even individual well-being. The research question within this article is how employment insecurity affects social alienation. Researchers built three hypotheses. First, “Social well-being is associated with the extent of labor market integration: unemployed than employed, temporary than permanent, and temporary agency employment than fixed-term employment workers are more likely to suffer social exclusion.”

Due to the large income of unskilled workers has allowed employers to give out low wages and actually allow there to be horrible working conditions. There seems to be a solution to this. By reducing low-skill immigration, we can strengthen the labor market and as well as increase wages along with them for the American people. Among being a burden on the work force, they are also harming

Gender Pay Gaps Introduction Gender pay gap by definition is the earning differences between women and men in paid employment in labor market. It is one of the many indicators of gender inequality in a country when examining labor market participation in terms of gender (OECD). The study “Global Employment Trends for Women” published by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2018 provides current information about the global gender pay gap. When looking at the decline or increase in the pay gap between women and depend all on the data available and change between regions and countries.

The gender pay gap is the difference between earnings made by men and earnings by women. The Gender pay gap is generally due to various reasons, such as differences discrimination in hiring process, differences in negotiations for pay, differences in education choices, differences in the jobs men can go compare to women can’t easily go for. Some factors that cause the gender pay gap: • Women leave and re-enter the workforce to meet their family and children expectations • Low pay for some jobs, like childcare due to historical trends that continue • Lower educational levels of women due to traditions • Discrimination in the hiring process, compensation and promotion at workplace.

Economic conditions are linked to divorce patterns. Recession may lead to either an increase in divorce rate due to the stress mechanism or it might reduce divorce by worsening cost barriers or strengthening family bonds. According to the data, the reverse of the the assumption that divorce rates shoot up when the economic times are bad as discontented couples fight to make ends meet and even the opulent couples struggle is true. In this paper, we'll study the affect of economic trends on marriage and divorce and the link between divorce and recession.

Perrons (2003, p.68) argues that this new economy has created a digital divide, which has the potential to reinforce divisions of gender, class, ethnicity and race. Furthermore, women are more likely to be represented in lower-paid employment, while there is an over-representation of educated white middle-class men in high-level jobs within these professions. This new economy has also fostered a different approach to employment, which is characterised by risk. Gill (2002) draws on Ulrick Beck’s notion that society is shifting to a second modernity, which has been brought about by innovations in technology and globalisation. A stable career was considered the norm in the twentieth century industrial age, however, the concept of a permanent career is being increasingly

This also reinforces gender differentiation in households when couples that become parents often ‘choose’ to have the female parent take time off to mind their child due to her lower wages (Kane, 2012). On the other hand, although gender inequalities advantage boys and men in many ways, scholars have found

Introduction: Unemployment generally defined as the number of persons who are willing to work for the current wage rates in society but not employed currently. Unemployment reduces the long run growth potential of the economy. When the situation arises where there are more other resources for the production and no man power leads to wastage of economic resources and lost output of goods and services and this has a great impact on government expenditure directly (Clark, 2003). High unemployment causes less consumption of goods and services and less tax payments results in higher government borrowing requirements. The impact of the unemployment is seen with the individuals and household curtailing the consumption drastically to meet financial

Many who had full-time jobs experienced pay cuts, and reduced benefits and hours, in order to share the pain and thus avoid mass layoffs (Paul Solman 2009). The shortage of workers is projected to get worse if strict measures are not put in place. Changes in the society such as demographic variations associated with an aging population,

Raising the minimum wage isn 't entirely beneficial. It could potentially lead to more unemployment as some businesses may reduce their number of employees or reduce their hours in order to offset the cost of paying a higher minimum wage. Some may also increase the prices of products or services offered. It can also possibly lead to a decreased interest in college education since minimum wage jobs are paid almost the same or can be more than what jobs requiring college education pay.

It is a commonly known fact that all women only make a fraction (an average of 78%) of what men do (men are statistically the highest paid group, so they are the 100%) (IWPR). Income varies upon occupation, but when did wage inequality become influenced by gender, race, and ethnicity? Why are women earning less on average than men, and why are some races suffering more than others? A few answers may be sexual and/or racial discrimination, where women usually work jobs that are stereotypical. Stereotypical women jobs are things such as teaching or assisting (which are both low paying).

To be limited based on ones gender is something that should not occur. Society has evolved; however, there are still stereotypes that are persistent throughout the world about women. Even today when occupation, hours, and lifestyle choices are taken into account according to “The Gender Pay Gap Revisited: Insights from a Developing Country Context," journal article by A Kobeissi, D Jamali and Y Sidani, the “still unexplained portion of wage differentials is usually interpreted as evidence of employer discrimination against women.” While it is certainly true that women now a days have risen above the stereotypical roles they were placed in, sexism is still persistent and it is affecting the pay of women. According to the article “Will Boston