Popper's Falsification Theory

Scientists take the unknown and make it known. The audience will better understand the scientific method if it seems logical. Including examples of Einstein, accepting scientific theories, and designing experiments show that the basis of Barry’s argument is factual. “Einstein refused to accept his own theory until his predictions were tested,” showing even the best of the best scientists study with uncertainty. Barry’s appeal to logos helps characterize the intellectual side of science.

Through Soccio 's “Archetypes of Wisdom: An Introduction to Philosophy”, one can see that Hume rejects Descartes’s ontological proofs, Newton’s teleological proof, and Paine’s cosmological proof of God’s existence. In his book “Discourse on Method,” Descartes gives two ontological proofs of God’s existence. The first proof appears earlier in his book when he doubts himself about not being perfect. Descartes is aware that since he has doubts, he is not perfect, because a perfect being would know everything. However, since he has the notion of what perfection is, it means that there must be a perfect being that exists out there that give him the idea of perfection.

The novel represents science as a practice of ascertaining truth, while it symbolises religion as a form of establishing lies. The notion of religion is satirised as a shortcoming of the modern world. In spite of this negative portrayal of religion, the novel’s most austere criticisms are reserved for science and its goal of pursuing and realising truth. Vonnegut challenges the perception that truth is naturally desirable and good, seeing it as an inescapable belief in modern day society. Moreover, he describes a realistic world in which truth is used for materialistic gain without concern for the lasting repercussions those truths will have on humanity.

Unlike many of the other authors examined thus far, Gert is much subtler in his argumentative approach by utilizing carful phraseology and ambiguity rather than decisive declarations. In the introduction of his article, Gert acknowledges that he is not an expert in genetics, but simply a philosopher setting out to resolve the controversy surrounding alteration of the human genome. After thoroughly describing his definition of morality, Gert claims, “The moral force of the objection [towards] genetic engineering… is that we do not know that there are no risks. A proper humility, that is, recognition that human knowledge is limited and that all human beings are fallible, is required for reliable moral behavior” (Gert 47). Aside from the authority that results from being published in a peer-reviewed journal, Gert writes in a rather serious and academic tone to prevent the reader from taking his words too lightly.

A sin is defined as “an immoral act considered to be a transgression against divine law”. People only know what they are exposed to. Anthem, by Ayn Rand, is .......Equality’s eventual assessment of his sin is correct, he is okay with what he did. Equality expresses himself by experimenting and strengthening his knowledge of science. He disobeys the rules of the government and tests the laws of science.

Philo win the discussion arguing that the appearance of order in nature could simply derive from the nature of matter itself (Hume). In general Hume show a general idea that the Argument from Design is useless because it only shows that there is intelligent design in the universe; it does not validate any theology beyond deism. Darwin as a naturalist is going to argue that the

Imre Lakatos in his work “Falsificationism and the Methodology of Scientific Reseaerch Programmes”, stated that “The clash between Popper and Kuhn is not about a mere technical point in epistemology. It concerns our central intellectual values, and has implications not only for theoretical physics but also for the underdeveloped social sciences and even for moral and political philosophy” (Lakatos, 1970). Thus, this Popper-Kuhn debate is regarded as a milestone for philosophy of science in the 20th century. The focus of this debate is on the following; relativism versus realism, science progression, and rationality. 3.1 Relativism versus Realism Popper protested Kuhn's perspectives in light of the fact that they represented relativism.

In Did Habermas Cede Nature to the Positivists?, Gordon Mitchell creates a philosophical discussion concerning the validity of Jürgen Habermas’s “colonization of the lifeworld” thesis. Habermas’s thesis sought to elucidate the implications of society’s propensity for “converting social issues into technical problems” that require resolutions based off a “scientific mode of decision-making” (Mitchell, 1). This mechanical mode of thinking stems from the idea that science is objective in nature, in which there is always a right way and a wrong way. However, Habermas argues that “joint communicative action by deliberating citizens would yield more appropriate and legitimate judgments” in the field of social sciences (Mitchell, 1). Although many

In another words his religion is far from pure intellectual and what is very crystal clear is that for him religion is not institutional but individual. Philosophy Philosophical aspects are the integral parts of the transcendentalism for sure and excluding Emerson from this idea is not fair for both side either for transcendentalism or Emerson. People of his time had a kind of pure spiritual believes and Emerson specifically wanted to find a philosophical foundation in which people can feel the presence of the divine elements in their soul. In this respect he attempts to make a comparison between the ideal and the real. He was interested mostly in philosophical system in a way that intuition is at its origin and the moral conclusion is at the end.

“That’s the way scientists work, we do not believe in facts like most people believe in facts, we believe in consensus. That is how science progresses, being wrong”

It does not follow our contemporary method, known as the Hypothetico-Deductive Method, which states that a new theory with unobservable entities can only be accepted if it has some confirmed novel predictions to support it. Ghostblasters simply tries to create a theory by claiming they are superior in the field of Geistology, without any confirmations, thus placing the theory in violation of the third law. Moreover, the second law deals with acceptance, stating that a theory can only be accepted if it is in accord with the method employed at the time. Since ectoplasm is an unobservable entity without any novel confirmed novel predictions, and the method used in attempt to accept this theory does not follow the afore mentioned Hypothetico-Deductive method, this theory cannot be accepted in accord with the second law. As we cannot accept Mr. Kneezer’s theory as scientific, it is consequently in violation of the first law of inertia, where an element of the mosaic remains in its state in the mosaic

Thus socially plays a role in the development of science. 2. Popper, Kuhn and Latour’s opinions on Dawkins and Lennox’s personal convictions respectively. Poppers whole point of view is based on the truth behind any scientific findings, thus he would likely argue with Lennox that it is scientifically irrational for a virgin to conceive a child and for a human to turn water into wine. Keeping Poppers objective in mind, the lack of proof would probably discard any assumptions made by Lennox, since Popper was after proof and not necessarily only evidence.

Philosophy in general relies on rational inquiry, logic, the theory of deductive and inductive arguments and aims to distinguish good from bad reasoning and speculations; opinions or reasoning based on incomplete information, it is also concerned with the blending of two disciplines; Science that which is provable and rational, and mystical, having a divine meaning that is beyond human understanding. Distinguishing between these two has been somewhat of a challenge, today we live in a society reason (science), and logos (reason) is the pragmatic mode ( a state of dealing with the problems that exist in a specific situation in a reasonable and logical way instead of depending on ideas and theories), of thought that enables one to function effectively in the world. People have and will always need logos to make sense of life.