Sodium Chloride Lab Report

The purpose of this report is determine if sodium chloride is a viable option as a deicer on winter roads. To determine this, one must compare a multitude of factors. In this lab, the freezing point depression of water, enthalpy of dissolution, cost, and environmental impact will be discussed. A large factor in how effective a substance is as a deicer is it’s ability to decrease the freezing point of water. If the freezing point of water can be lowered, the outside temperature must be much colder to reach this new freezing point, resulting in less ice on the roads. These results a somewhat inaccurate due to the fact that when the solutions were actually freezing is difficult to tell. Some solutions froze slowly and showed a plateau, while others

Describe the main difference between a compound light microscope and a dissecting scope. The main difference between a compound light microscope and a dissecting scope is that a light microscope has a higher resolution and a dissecting scope displays the image in a 3D form.

Tn 4351 was originally isolated from bacteroides fragilis [30] . The transposon was successfully introduced into Cytophaga succinicans, Flavobacterium meningosepticum, Flexibacter canadiansis, Flexibacter strain SFI and Sporocytophaga myxococcoides by conjugation [25]. Tn 4351carries two antibiotic resistance gene. One of the codes for resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin which is expressed in bactroides but not in E.Coli. The other gene codes for resistance in tetracycline and is expressed in aerobically grpwn E. coli, but not in anaerobically grpwn E. coli or in bacteroides. The transposon of Tn4351 was originally detected in E. coli which carried an unstable chimeric plasmid, pSS-2. The mobilization of pSS-2 from onestrain of E. coli

An endospore is a dormant of a bacterial cell. It is a non-reproductive structure that ensures survival of a bacterium through stressful environmental conditions. Unknown #76, using aseptic technique, was inoculated to a nutrient sporulation medium (NSM) plate. This concerns a selective medium that increases the initiation of endospore production. A spore-former would have green-pigmented endospore cells when looked at under the microscope. From the growth on the NSM, I smeared it aseptically to a wet slide. Slide was then left to be air-dried for about 10 minutes. It was important to heat fix the slide using a micro incinerator. The succeeding steps had to be taken with caution because the primary stain, malachite green, is toxic. Under the hood, the slide was covered with a properly cut size of paper towel. The slide was then stained and left to steam with malachite green. It was continuously followed up by applications of the stain so it may remain moist for 10 minutes. The slide was then rinsed and safranin was again used as a counterstain. Using oil immersion objective lens of the microscope, unknown #76 had only reddish-pink cells without any signs of spore formation. Thus the given unknown is a non-spore former. Bacillus subtilis was used for positive control and Escherichia coli for negative control for endospore

In this experiment we configured several DC circuits consisting of an emf and a network of resistors. The circuits were composed of a power supply, two DMMs, a circuit board, an SPST switch, and an assortment of known resistors along with one unknown resistor. We measured the current and voltage of the entire circuit as well as the potential drops across each resistor to determine the parameters of the circuit including the resistance, voltage, and current for each component.

The purpose of this lab was to determine which of the following substances: wax, sugar, and salt, are an ionic compound and which are a covalent compound. In order to accurately digest the experiments results, research of definitions of each relating led to the following information: ionic compounds are positive and negatively charged ions that experience attraction to each other and pull together in a cluster of ionic bonds; they are the strongest compound, are separated in high temperatures, and can be separated by polar water molecules. A covalent compound forms when two or more nonmetal atoms share valence electrons; covalent compounds are also

ROYGBV (visible light) detected by light sensitive cells in the eye called rods and cones. Trichromatic

Within the current investigation, the effects of the surface area of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) in combination with Hydrochloric acid (HCl) upon its rate of reaction. CaCO3, commonly referred to as limestone, is an organic substance and is, in a sense, the crystallised “carbonic salt” of the element, calcium2. In addition to being a salt, the pH level of Calcium Carbonate is 9.91, and it is therefore, a basic substance, due to the fact that it is comprised of a pH level higher than 7, which is neutral3.

The test subjects will prepare for sleep by acquiring everything needed for the subjects’ sleep preferences.

In this lab there were five different stations. For the first station we had to determine an unknown mass and the percent difference. To find the unknown mass we set up the equation Fleft*dleft = Fright*dright. We then substituted in the values (26.05 N * 41cm = 34cm * x N) and solved for Fright to get (320.5g). To determine the percent difference we used the formula Abs[((Value 1 - Value 2) / average of 1 & 2) * 100], substituted the values (Abs[((320.5 - 315.8) / ((320.5 + 315.8) / 2)) * 100]) and solved to get (1.58%). For the second station we had to determine the distance required to balance the system and the percent difference. To find the unknown distance we set up the equation Fleft*dleft = Fright*dright. We then plugged in the values (11.35 N * x cm = 48cm *

The design relied on two Schmitt triggers to generate the two different tones while using the transistors to act as a switch. This causes it to trigger continuously between two unstable states, allowing automatic switching between two frequencies producing two different tones. The RC values between the two Schmitt triggers will differ. Capacitors charge and discharge faster when it’s resistance is smaller. Hence differing capacitor values allows oscillation between the two states. The transistors will act as a switch to toggle between the two inputs. It is a short circuit when turned on and an open circuit when it is switched off. Since only one transistor works at a time, only 1 frequency output will be heard on the speaker at one time.

The power spectrum of the signal is multiplied by magnitude response of set of 33 triangular band pass filters and in the range 300Hz-2000Hz.Sub-bands are formed by using the logarithmic spacing. The positions of these filters are equally spaced along the Mel frequency, which is related to the common linear frequency f by following formula:

First, we set up the equation xZn(s) + yHCl(aq) → ZnxCly (s) + y/2H2(g) . We knew the empirical formula for zinc chloride is ZnCl8. Based on the law of conservation of matter, we got the balanced equation:

The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment.

Electrolyte: it’s a substance that when dissolved in water it ionize and then it will contain free moving ions and without these moving ions the process of electrolysis won’t take place.