[1] Consequently, part of the BCR i.e. breakpoint cluster gene from chromosome 22 is fused with the ABL gene on chromosome 9. (Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 also known as ABL1 is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the ABL gene). It results in the bone marrow making an enzyme, called tyrosine kinase, that results in too many stem cells to become white blood cells (granulocytes or blasts) CML has three phases. Respectively, each phase of CML is elucidated on the basis of number of blast cells in the blood &bone marrow.Chronic phase,accelerated phase,blast crises are the main stages of CML [2].
Top Health Benefits Vitamin B12 Top Health Benefits of Vitamin B12 Best Health Tips for Vitamin B12 Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system and in blood formation. It is one of eight vitamins. It is usually involved in the metabolism of human cells, in particular, affect the synthesis and regulation of DNA, but also related to fatty acid synthesis and energy generation. As the largest and most structured vitamins, it can only be produced industrially through bacterial fermentation-synthesis. Vitamin B12 is essential for the normal functioning and health of red blood cells and nerve tissue.
Description of the limb girdle muscular dystrophies [LGMD2B] Autosomal recessive Limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B also known as dysferlinopathy, is due to the mutations in the gene dysferlin which codes for the protein involved in the membrane repair. It is ultimately mapped to the chromosome region 2p13 (C. Angelini*{, 2010)[1] which is caused by primarily, proximal weakness. (Aoki, 2004) [2] LGMD type 2 are in the genetically and clinical heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by progressive involvement and wasting of limb girdle muscles (C. Angelini*{, 2010)[1] Calf, deltoid hypertrophy are the clinical features and cellular defect would be the loss of Ca2+-regulated membrane repair. (Hoffman, 2010) [3] Also, since due to an absence of the protein dysferlin, there will be a failure of damaged muscle fiber
The Fraser media contains the same bacteriostatic agent as in FDA BAM method and also contains esculin for detection of ẞ-D- galactosidase activity of Listeria. However using bacteriostatic agent can have a reverse effect on bacterial selection of which attributes to damage of bacteria in stress condition. To avoid this effect in FDA BAM, the agent added after 4hrs of incubation to allow the injured cells to recover and grow in media, but in ISO 11290 at first step of enrichment, the half concentration of agent is added. In both media the buffering capacity of media is very high and leads to enhanced cell growth and
Hydrochloric acid and IF are important to absorb vitamin B12. However, the patient who has atrophic gastritis cannot absorb vitamin B12, which is leading to vitamin B12 deficiency. The third cause is vitamin B9 deficiency (folic acid deficiency). Folic acid is important to the formation erythrocytes and reparation the damaging cells, so folic acid deficiency caused decreasing the number of healthy erythrocytes, which causes pernicious anemia. The last cause is bone marrow diseases.
coli genomic library facilitated the selection for genes conferring the resistance through amplification. One plasmid from the library, plasmid pXV62, provided a high level of resistance for E. coli. Deletion and nucleotide sequence analyses of bacitracin resistance revealed that a single open reading frame, designated the bacA gene, sufficiently caused antibiotic resistance. The bacA gene mapped locus deduced amino acid sequence of the bacA encoded protein suggesting an extremely hydrophobic protein of 151 amino acids with 65 percent reflecting nonpolar amino acids. E. coli cells with plasmid pXV62 have increased isoprenol kinase activity suggesting the bacA gene may confer
As the VLDL circulate, their component triacylglycerols and most types of their apolipoproteins are removed in the capillaries of muscle and adipose tissues, sequentially converting the VLDL to intermediate density lipoproteins (IDL) and then to low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Peripheral tissues normally obtain most of their exogenous cholesterol from LDL by receptor mediated endocytosis. Inside the cell, cholesteryl esters are hydrolyzed by a lysosomal lipase to free cholesterol, which is either incorporated into cell membranes or reesterified by ACAT for storage as cholesteryl ester
Since the stomach is highly acidic by a PH range of 1 to 2 the listeria survives that acidic medium and it is passed down the small intestines with the food bolus then When it is in the intestines it targets different areas of the intestinal epithelium such as payer’s patches and intestinal villi. It targets the tip of the villi where apoptotic cells are removed or the lateral goblet cells specializing in mucus secretion. The crossing of intestinal barrier starts with the interaction of the listeria protein called internalin-A with E-cadherin which is a specific receptor of the cell. Afterward, the bacteria then enter the goblet cell to the lamona propea to the bloodstream it then secrets lysine-O toxin that makes pores on the phospholipid membrane through which ions pass in and out leading to ion imbalance of the cell which then promotes bacterial entrance by zipper mechanism by compromising cell internal processes and organelles. The excess calcium entering the cell causes ionic imbalance leading to (1) mitochondrial fragmentation (2) histone dephosphorylating (3) transcription complications and ion desumoylation.
Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) is a kind of carrier protein responsible for the passage of glucose across the plasma membrane through facilitated diffusion or active transport. If the extracellular concentration is greater than the intracellular one, the glucose have to be mediated by carrier proteins for diffusion owing to the polar nature. Otherwise, the glucose will be transported by active transport. Being an important source of energy for human body, glucose is to maintain cellular respiration, which helps the synthesis of ATP, an energy source for primary active transport, such as the Na-K-ATPase. The lack of carrier protein results in blockage of glucose.
In the conjunctival epithelium, the superficial squamous epithelial cells are usually CK4 positive, while the glandular goblet cells are CK7 positive (Table 1). CKs consist of pairs of type I (acidic) and type 2 (neutral or basic) CK (Rao, et al., 2014). In response to stress (dryness, shear stress) non-keratinized epithelium can react by keratinizing to form a granular layer and stratum corneum to protect the tissue. This change can be seen in the ocular surface in DED patients (Maumenee, 1979) and in the OME (linea alba) (Canaan & Meehan, 2005; Nanci, 2013)A mucin layer covers and protects the wet epithelial surfaces, such as the ocular surface and the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, and the oral cavity (Argueso & Gipson, 2001; Frenkel & Ribbeck, 2015; Linden, et al., 2008). Mucins are large, highly glycosylated glycoproteins that are either secreted or membrane-bound.