ABSTRACT Floating bioadhesive tablets of hydrochlorthiazide were developed to prolong gastric residence time leading to an increase in drug bioavailability. Tablets are prepared by direct compression technique using polymers Xanthum gum, Chitosan, Eudragit L- 100, Magnesium stearate USP-NF (Avicel PH 102), Microcrystalline cellulose Ph 102, Talc, Microcrystalline cellulose Ph 102 and sodium bicarbonate. Tablets were evaluated for their physical characteristics viz., hardness, thickness, friability and weight variation, drug content and floating properties. Gas generating agent plays an important role in floating lag time and drug release. The best formulation subjected for kinetic treatment. i.e., zero order, first order, peppas, …show more content…
STANDARD CURVE IN 0.1 N HCL Accurately weighed 10 mg of drug (hydrochlorthiazide) was first dissolved in10 mL of methonal in 100 mL of volumetric flask to make a concentration of 1000 μg/mL (primary stock solution). 1 mL of primary stock solution was pipetted out into 10 mL of volumetric flask and volume was adjusted with water to make a concentration of 100μg/mL (secondary stock solution).From the secondary stock solution various concentrations such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5…..10 μg/mL were prepared for calibration curve. Standard curve was plotted by taking absorbance of secondary stock solutions in UV double beam spectrophotometer at 240 nm. Compatibility Studies Compatibility with excipients was conformed by carried out I R studies. The pure drug and its formulations along with excipients were subjected to IR studies. In the present study, the potassium bromide disc (pellet) method was employed. The objective of drug/excipient compatibility considerations and practical studies is to delineate, as quickly as possible, real and possible interactions between potential formulation excipients and the API. This is an important risk reduction exercise early in formulation development. Homogenous mixtures of drug and excipients were prepared and filled in glass vials and self-seal LDPE (Low Density Poly Ethylene)
The goal of this experiment is to find out what is the identity of the unknown hydrate? To answer this question first, we should know what a hydrate, and how to identify a hydrate using the law of constant proportions. A hydrate is a pure substance because it contains water molecules embedded in its crystal structure that does not vary. By heating the unknown hydrate, we can calculate the mass of the hydrated, and the percentage of water in the hydrate.
Observations The purpose of this experiment was to be able to synthesize triphenylmethyl bromide from triphenylmethanol by a trityl carbocation intermediate. During the experiment, 0.100 g of triphenylmethanol was placed into a small test tube. The triphenylmethanol looked like a white powder. Next 2 mL of acetic acid was added to the test tube and the solution turned a cloudy white color.
Absorption Absorption of chlorpyrifos varies with species to species. In humans, about 70% was absorbed after oral exposure of volunteers. For the metabolite, 3, 5, 6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPY), the minimal dermal absorption was 1-3%. It is to be noted that chlorpyrifos (cpf) is rapidly absorbed and transported to the brain through oral dosing [66]. Distribution
Benzyne Formation and the Diels-Alder Reaction Preparation of 1,2,3,4 Tetraphenylnaphthalene Aubree Edwards Purpose: 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene is prepared by first producing benzyne via the unstable diazonium salt. Then tetraphenylcyclopentadienone and benzyne undergo a diels-alder reaction to create 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylnaphthalene. Reactions: Procedure: The reaction mixture was created. Tetraphenylcyclopentadienone (0.1197g, 0.3113 mmol) a black solid powder, anthranilic acid ( 0.0482g, 0.3516 mmol) a yellowish sand, and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (1.2 ml) was added to a 5-ml conical vial.
In this experiment, groups were given two different unidentified substances with the goal of being able to figure out what chemical each substance was. Unidentified substance “2” was proven to be Tin (II) Chloride and the Unidentified substance “4” turned out to be Sodium Chloride. The conclusion that substance “2” was Tin (II) chloride could be proven due to the fact that it reacted with Zinc and Sodium Hydroxide. When Tin (II) chloride reacted with Zinc, it began bubbling. This occurred because there was a single replacement reaction between Tin (II) Chloride and Zinc.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Preformulation Studies The melting point of Metoprolol Tartrate was determined by capillary method and was found to be 121ºC (120 - 124ºC) as reported in literature, thus indicating purity of Metoprolol Tartrate. FTIR analysis showed that all the characteristic peaks of Metoprolol Tartrate and mixture of Metoprolol Tartrate with excipients were present in the range of reported frequencies; which shows that drug and excipients were compatible with each other. DSC thermogram of Metoprolol Tartrate alone showed endothermic peak at 120.73°C, corresponding to the melting point of the drug. The thermal curve of the Metoprolol Tartrate obtained indicated its crystalline anhydrous state, exhibiting a sharp endothermic peak at 120.73°C.
Michael Bent Mohamed Mire CHEM 220-12 4/13/2016 Methyl Benzoate Labs The first part of the lab regarded an esterification leading to the formation of Methyl Benzoate (C8H8O2). The purpose of this lab was to convert benzoic acid to methyl benzoate by means of utilizing a reflux acid catalyzed reaction with methanol; purity of the final product was assessed by means of both proton and carbon NMR. The extent to which a reaction’s products are reverted back into the original reactants is denoted by the equilibrium constant. The esterification reaction that's taking place in this lab has a low equilibrium constant (about 2.3) which means that a very low yield of the methyl benzoate product would be generated.
CLAIRE MUNTING 29/01/2018 Criterion C EFFECTS OF SURFACE AREA OF CALCIUM CARBONATE UPON RATE OF REACTION Calcium Carbonate Chips 1 Introduction: Within the current investigation, the effects of the surface area of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) in combination with Hydrochloric acid (HCl) upon its rate of reaction. CaCO3, commonly referred to as limestone, is an organic substance and is, in a sense, the crystallised “carbonic salt” of the element, calcium2. In addition to being a salt, the pH level of Calcium Carbonate is 9.91, and it is therefore, a basic substance, due to the fact that it is comprised of a pH level higher than 7, which is neutral3. HCl, however, is the bodily acid found in the stomach of human beings.
Experiment Description: To begin the experiment, 2.0718g of a benzoic acid and p-dichlorobenzene mixture and 30 ml of methylene chloride was placed in a separatory funnel. The funnel was shook to dissolve the contents. After shaking, the funnel was inverted and the stopcock was opened to release the pressure. The stopcock was closed, the funnel was shook, and the pressure was released again. This was repeated until no more gas was released.
Aim: To find out the relationship between the greater concentration of sodium thiosulfate when mixed with hydrochloric acid and the time it takes for the reaction (the time it takes for the solution to turn cloudy) to take place and to show the effect on the rate of reaction when the concentration of one of the reactants change. Introduction: The theory of this experiment is that sodium thiosulfate and hydrochloric acid reach together to produce sulfur as one of its products. Sulfur is a yellow precipitate so, the solution will turn to yellow color while the reaction is occurring and it will continue until it will slowly turn completely opaque. The reaction of the experiment happens with this formula: “Na2 S2 O3 + HCL =
When interpreting concentration measurements, factors that need to be considered include the sampling time in relation to drug dose, dosage history, patient response, and the desired medicinal targets. The goal of therapeutic drug monitoring is to use suitable concentrations of difficult-to-manage medications to optimize clinical outcomes in patients in various clinical situations. Keywords: Drug monitoring, therapeutic; Pharmacokinetics Introduction Therapeutic drug monitoring is generally defined as the measurement of specific drugs at timed intervals in order to maintain a relatively constant concentration of the medication in the bloodstream. Monitored drugs tend to have a narrow therapeutic index, that is a ratio between the toxic and therapeutic doses of medications.
The Mycophenolate mofetil containing nanoparticle was constantly agitated during the dissolution test, collisions among MNP could first disintegrate the structure of the polymer layer. The subsequent fluidic shear devastated the particulate surfaces and caused the release of a drug. As indicated in (Table 7) the cumulative percentage of Mycophenolate mofetil released in the initial 2-4 hr was minor. This suggested that the current formulation could prevent the drugs from the initial burst release. As revealed in (figure 13), the rate of a drug released from MNP was pretty smooth.
Acesulfame-potassium Chemistry of Acesulfame-potassium Acesulfame-potassium also known as acesulfame K or Ace K. The molecular mass of it is 202.245 g/mol. Its chemical name is Potassium 6-methyl-4-oxo-4H-1,2,3-oxathiazin-3-ide 2,2-dioxide. [1] It also have a pH value of 6.5-7.5, having a melting point of 229-232 °C and it is soluble in water. Ace K is a white odorless, free flowing crystalline powder.
To optimize the RP-UPLC parameters and reach a good resolution and peak Tailing for Lamivudine,Abacavir and Dolutegravir, many chromatographic parameters were tested. Several mobile phases of different ratios were analysed to get that good resolution ,peak shape ,provided sufficient selectivity for the drugs. The phosphate buffer provided a higher sensitivity and selectivity than other buffers did. Using methanol and acetonitrile as organic components shown results in higher sensitivity, but varying the amounts of methanol and acetonitrile in the mobile phase affected the resolution , tailing factor theoretical plates and run time. Varying the pH of the mobile phase resulted in poor peak shapes, not showing good resolution.
Introduction The goal of the experiment is to examine how the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and Sodium thiosulphate is affected by altering the concentrations. The concentration of Sodium thiosulfate will be altered by adding deionised water and decreasing the amount of Sodium thiosulphate. Once the Sodium thiosulphate has been tested several times. The effect of concentration on the rate of reaction can be examined in this experiment.