Macromolecules Lab Report

being transformed into a non-native state). The effects of various polyols, such as ethylene glycol, glycerol, erythritol, xylitol, sorbitol, and inositol, on the structure of acid-unfolded horse cytochrome c at pH 2 were investigated. The addition of polyols induces the characteristic CD spectra of the molten globule. Davis-Searles et al. have recently reported that sugars induce the molten globule state of cytochrome c. This is mainly due to the

Biuret test is adopted to quantify proteins in fluid by using a spectrophotometer. The biuret solution is a blue solution made up of sodium hydroxide and copper (II) sulfate which turns pink or violet in the presence of proteins, peptides and compounds containing 2 or more peptide linkage. A spectrophotometer measures the respective amounts of light consisting of different wavelengths absorbed and transmitted by a pigment solution. Spectrophotometer works when white light is separated into lights of different wavelengths by a prism which different colors of light passes through the sample. The transmitted light strikes a photoelectric tube, converting light energy to electric current that is measured by a galvanometer.

Caffeine, tannins (phenolic substances) and a little chlorophyll can also be found in tea leaves. Hot water extraction can be used to separate caffeine from the tea leaves (mainly cellulose) as water can form hydrogen bonds with water and solubilise (water has higher solubility at higher temperatures). However, tannins are also water soluble but they display acidic properties instead. Thus, a basic salt like sodium carbonate can be added to bind to tannins to form a salt. Although now both the tannins salt and caffeine are water soluble, using an organic solvent, dichloromethane, renders tannins salt insoluble.

A blue or black tinted colour is an indicator of starch in a product, so the grey hue that the soybean milk possessed confirmed the hypothesis. Research helped to determine that the type of starch found in soybeans is known as beta-amylase (Stevenson et al., 2006). It is a starch, specified by specific glycosidic linkages, that is commonly found in the stems of plants which would lead to the conclusion that it

Positive results should be red-purple residue. The principles involved in this test were oxidation of purine by concentrated HNO3; condensation reaction of alloxan to form alloxanthin; and neutralization which forms the red purple murexide or the potassium salt of purpurate. In the sample, the red-purple residue did not appear which means that there is the absence of purines in the DNA

Romanowsky stains contain methylene blue (a basic dye), eosin (an acidic dye) and methylene azure (an oxidation product of methylene blue also referred to as polychrome methylene blue). Variations of the Romanowsky stain differ in the way the methylene azure is produced to the stains. Polychrome stains produce multiple colors because they dye both acid-base reactions. The acidic cell component, such as nuclei (nuclear DNA) and cytoplasmic RNA, are stained blue-violet by basic methylene azure. They are called basophilic because they stain with the basic dye.

The parietal cell produces hydrochloric acid, it is very concentrated. The g-cells produce gastrin, a hormone that smooths the production of hydrochloric acid that is produced by the parietal cells. The stomach is protected by the epithelial cells, which produces and secretes bicarbonate rich solution that coats the mucosa. What is bicarbonate? It is an alkaline, a base and neutralizes the acid secreted by the parietal cells.

Ribosomes are found in both types of cells. Ribosomes make proteins by connecting chains of amino acids together for the cell to use. D. The Golgi apparatus turns simple molecules into larger, more complex ones and packages them in vesicles for storage and transport. This is only found in eukaryotic cells. E. Vacuoles are storage facilities for either nutrients for or waste from the cell.

INTRODUCTION: Lipase also called as triacylglycerol acylhydrolaseis an enzyme known for its enormous applications for industry and diagnostics. Their basic activity is to convert fats into fatty acids and glycerol. These enzymes are water soluble in nature. They also convert polar solvents into more lipolytic substances. In 1856, a scientist name claude Bernard has identified lipase [1].

This happens because sugar is a carbohydrate, therefore if you remove the water, the end product, carbon will be left behind. The sulfuric acid as stated above is the one that dehydrates the sugar getting rid