Plessy V. Board Of Education

Thurgood Marshall was born on July 2, 1908. In 1930 he states for to the University of Maryland Law School but was denied because of him being black. However years later when he applied to Howard University when he graduated, he opens up a small law practice in Baltimore. Marshall won the first Major case in civil rights was due to the precedent of Plessy v Ferguson where it states racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal", where he sued University of Maryland Law School to admit a young African American named Donald Gaines Murray. With his well-known skills as a lawyer and his passion for the civil rights Marshall because the chief of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People,

In the Jim Crow context, the presidential election of 1912 was steeply slanted against the interests of black Americans. A majority of African Americans are still settling in the South, where they are currently facing stringent restrictions so they could not vote at all. While

The Consent Decree (also known as the META or ESOL Consent Decree) of 1990 is Florida’s framework for compliance with federal and state laws and jurisprudence regarding the education of English Language Learners (ELLs) (Govoni & Palaez, 2011). The Florida ESOL Consent Decree came about when the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), along with other civil rights/educational community organizations, decided to sue the Florida State Board of Education. The organizations were fighting for equal educational opportunity for all students, regardless of the individual’s primary language. Students in English for Speakers of Other Language (ESOL) program were not receiving an education that met their cognitive level because teachers in most schools were not properly trained to give ELL students an appropriate education. Teachers lacked the training to facilitate equal opportunity to the students.

And In 1883, the Supreme Court struck down the 1875 act, ruling that the 14th Amendment did not give Congress authority to prevent discrimination by private individuals. Victims of racial discrimination were told to seek relief not from the Federal Government, but from the states. The last case was in 1967 this case was the loving vs Virginia. This case says that it is a felony for a white person to intermarry with a black person or the reverse. This says that you can not marry a person of the other race or this could be punishable.

In the Plessy vs Ferguson case in 1896, a law was passed that allowed racial segregation as long as the facilities were equal in black and white schools. A single suit was brought together to be taken to the Supreme Court in 1954 to argue the fact that black schooling was evidently under resourced and of a far lower quality than that of white schooling, proving them to be inferior and unequal. In the case of Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, the segregation of school facilities was overturned. Although segregated school was now deemed illegal, certain people did not comply with the ruling. In Little Rock, Arkansas (1957), nine black students were accompanied by state troops to their first day at Central High School, a previously all-white institution.

The Black Codes denied blacks availability to guns, insulting language (or blasphemy) illegal, and barred blacks from voting. In Mississippi, blacks were even subject to plantation work if they could not prove their employment. Andrew Johnson allowed this behavior and even vetoed a bill that would 've denied his right to. Proving the ultimate weakness of the reconstruction plans. In response, the Republican Congress was able to override Andrew 's vetoes for once, and the pass laws for civil

During the case of Oliver Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, the United States Supreme Court declared that the “separate but equal” school systems were unconstitutional. Before this case came into the attention of the Supreme Court, many movements were made to protest this act of segregation including the “Little Rock Nine.” Nine African American children enrolled into the Little Rock Central High School where they were then forced to remain outside the building by the governor of Arkansas himself. Eventually the students were able to get inside the building but were subject to verbal and physical abuse. After some of the African American students fought back and were suspended from the school, the administrators of the Little Rock school

Another major court case appeared years after Plessy v. Ferguson and also had a big impact on the Civil Rights Movement, this court case was Brown v. Board of Education 1954. Brown v. Board of Education was a court case brought about by Oliver Brown who was going against the rules of the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. The entire purpose of this case was fought for the equal rights of African American kids in public schools. The court case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson’s “separate but equal” public facilities policy, which includes public schools ("Brown v. Board of Education" 2009). The Brown v. Board of Education final conclusion decided that the segregation in a public school goes against the fourteenth amendment and that this was

In 1847 Dred Scott sued his slave owners widow for his freedom. Scott’s argument was that since he had previously been a residence of the free state of Illinois he was a free man. Scott eventually lost the case when, in 1857, it was brought to the Supreme Court who ruled in a 7-2 majority against Scott. The court stated that due to the fact that Scott was of African descent he could not be an American citizen, and therefore not sue in federal courts. The court also ruled that the Missouri compromise was unconstitutional, effectively allowing slavery in all states and territories.

In 1954 thirteen parents filed a class action suit against the Board of Education of Topeka in hope for equal education opportunities for their children the decision overturned the Plessey v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation as it applied to public education. On May 17, 1954, the Warren Court 's harmonious decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." The case of brown v. board of education was one of the biggest turning points for African Americans to becoming accepted into white

When Homer Adolph Plessy, who was one-eighth black, tested this law by taking a seat in the white-only section of a Louisiana Railway train, he was arrested. Plessy contended that the segregation law violated his rights under the Fourteenth Amendment (Newton, 2006). The case was appealed up to the U.S., Supreme Court in 1896. The Court ruled in a 7 – 1 vote upholding the Louisiana Statute, although associate justice John Marshall Harlan wrote a dissenting opinion. In his dissent, he wrote that “Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens…In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law” (Newton, 2006, p. 294).

Rehnquist stated that the Constitution did not embrace a woman’s right to an abortion. Another case that demonstrates his interpretation of the Constitution is shown in Furman v Georgia. In this case, Rehnquist voted that capital punishment, also known as the death penalty, should be allowed and was not a cruel or unusual punishment. The third case in which Rehnquist beliefs were shown was in the 2000 Bush v Gore case. In Bush v Gore, the court had to decide where or not the manual recounts of votes in Florida violated the Equal Protection and Due Process Clauses of the Constitution.

Since the late 1950s, when the case for African American rights to receive the same education as their graduates began and ended, or so we thought. Schools today still remain widely segregated throughout the U.S. nation. In 1954 in Topeka, Kansas, the supreme court began to review many cases dealing with segregation in public education. Oliver Brown was one who went against the supreme court for not only his daughter, but for many other African American children to receive equal education in the ray of society. The Brown v. Board of Education case marked the end of racial discrimination in public schools which impacted African Americans to get an equal education in the American society.

In 1909, the NAACP started its legacy of fighting legal battles to win social justice for African-Americans. The most significant of these battles were won under the leadership of Charles Hamilton Houston and his student, Thurgood Marshall. Nathan Margold found that, the facilities provided for blacks were always separate, but never equal to the facilities provided for whites, violating Plessy’s “separate but equal” principle. Thurgood Marshall continued the Association’s legal campaign, and during the mid-1940s, in Smith v. Allwright, Marshall successfully challenged the “white primaries,” which prevented African Americans from casting a vote in several southern states. In 1946 Thurgood Marshall also won a case in which the Supreme Court ended

Another incident involving slavery that contributed greatly on the conflict between the north and the southern states was the DRED SCOTT DECISION. The Dred Scott decision is described by (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford) as “A landmark decision by the United States supreme court, in which the court ruled that African Americans, whether enslaved or not, could not be first class American citizens and therefore had no right to sue in Federal court and that the Federal governments had no power to regulate slavery. Dred Scott was an African American slave, taken by his master from the slave state of Missouri to the free state of Illinois and then the free state of Wisconsin. The master was moved back to Missouri, the slave state and he took Scott with him and later on the master died. The question at hand was should he be set free?