Angina Pectoris Research Paper

2.Heart failure symptoms can include shortness of breath while sleeping or walking. Symptoms can show signs of chest pain or anxiety from stress. There are multiple signs and symptoms a person should look out for, such as dizziness, fatigue, rapid irregular heartbeat, or even swelling in the ankles, legs, and feet. But, in some cases there may be no symptoms at all.

What additional medications can improve outcomes in a patient like Bill who has stable angina?

Right-sided heart failure is when the cardiac muscle on the right side of the heart becomes too weak to pump a sufficient amount of deoxygenated blood to the lungs. It is usually a complication of various conditions including lung diseases such as emphysema. This means that less oxygenated blood is taken from the lungs by the pulmonary veins and transported to the left side of the heart to then be pumped around the body. It can also produce a back-up of blood in the vessels within the body. This failure to pump sufficient blood to the lungs results in a build-up of fluid, which is known as oedema. Oedema is when fluid builds up in tissue and causes it to swell. The swelling can be general or in one specific part of the body. It is more common in the ankles and feet. When it is found here it is called peripheral oedema. A leg oedema can be caused by a gradual build-up of fluid. Pulmonary oedema can occur when fluid builds up quickly in the lungs.

where the slow building up allows the heart to adapt. Some common causes of acute

• disease of the heart valves - there may be a leak in the valves or those may stiffen, especially the sigmoid valves and mitral;

Some people may ask “what is a heart murmur?” Well a heart murmur is the sound of blood flowing/ pumping throughout your heart. Normally there’s a problem valve that makes your heart beat faster. (American Heart Staff “What are Heart Murmurs?”). This forces your heart to work harder than normal; however, this is fortunately not considered a disease and they’re normally harmless. (WebMD staff “Heart Murmur”). Doctors most often find these at annual check ups. (American Heart staff “What are Heart Murmurs?”). These are most likely to pop up during infancy. In fact forty to forty-five percent of children have one and only about ten percent of adults. (WebMD

Angina and Myocardial Infarction both occur due to low amounts of oxygenated blood in the tissues of the heart however in a myocardial infarction the tissue doesn’t just suffer for a short amount of time and then recovers like it would with angina, it actually dies. Mistovich & Karren (2013) state that tissue death usually occurs within the 20 to 30 minute window of oxygen starvation. Myocardial Infarction can be caused by coronary artery disease, like angina, and it too causes chest pain (Pollack, 2012). According to Daniel Limmer and Michael F. O’keefe (2008), on minimal occasions, the heart attack can be caused by an aneurysm which is when the heart’s coronary artery actually

One of the biggest symptoms is an increased heart rate. This may feel like the heart is throbbing, or racing. This happens because the heart is trying to catch up to the pumping capacity, causing the heart to beat so much faster. When this happens, your body is most likely telling you that the condition has already worsened (Warning Signs of Heart Failure).

• Chest pain - ranging from a mild feeling of constriction to intense pressure resembling a heart

Myocardial Infarction which is another word for Heart-attack. When you have an heart-attack your blood is not getting to your heart's muscle. This means your arteries are clogged. Blood is pumped through your arteries to all of the parts in your body. If you have a heart condition you shouldn't smoke, you should diet and exercise, you should watch your Blood Pressure if you have to take medication for your Blood Pressure make sure you take the prescribed medication. There is no way to avoid stress, but you can not worry yourself about things that you can't control or that you can not

A heart attack happens when the sudden blockage of any significant coronary supply route. On the off chance that you show at least a bit of kindness attack you have to go to the specialist promptly to get help or you can bite the dust. A heart attack is not a chuckling matter, and you have to deal with yourself. Showing at least a bit of kindness attack, which will bring about you are requiring cardiopulmonary revival which is the manner by which Do Not Attempt Resuscitate Orders is actualized. After some time, a coronary supply route can contract for the development of different substances, including cholesterol. This condition, known as a coronary vein malady, causes most heart attacks. On the off chance that you think you are showing at least a bit of kindness attack check for these side effects: Dizziness, weakness, unsteadiness, sickness, damp skin, frosty sweat, or sweating. Likewise, there could be a gentle, crushing, in the arm, between shoulder bones, mid-section, jaw, left arm, or upper stomach area, which could be a sign that you are showing at least a bit of kindness attack (Neal

Introduction: The concomitant inflammation of the peripheral nerve and skin damage is supposed to be responsible for the acute pain in patients with herpes zoster (HZ). The area affected by the disease can be extremely painful, and pain tends to be exacerbated by any movement or contact. Epidural, intrathecal, and sympathetic nerve blocks have been used in the treatment of pain caused by HZ and postherpetic neuralgia.

A 19 year old black male patient (Siyabonga Nkosi, from Tembisa) was admitted to SBAH Internal medicine with history of syncope (2 episodes on different occasions), now occurring for the third time, it is associated with loss of consciousness and

The causes of aneurysms are sometimes unknown. Some may be congenital, meaning a person is born with them. An aneurysm may also occur as the result of aortic disease or an injury. (AHA) There are three types, Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm, and the last but not least, Cerebral Aneurysm. The aneurysm that Loeys and Marfan contains is Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm. Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm is an abnormal bulging or ballooning of the portion of the aorta the passes through the chest. The most common cause is atherosclerosis, or hardening of the arteries(AHA) Risk factors may include, aging, genetic conditions such as Marfan and Loeys-Dietz Syndrome, Inflammation of the aorta, injury from falls or other trauma, and or, Syphilis. A patient with Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm may not have or experience any symptoms until it begins to leak blood into the nearby tissue or expand. There are many symptoms such as hoarseness, swallowing problems, swelling in neck, chest or upper back pains, and many more to include. (AHA)

Because of this inability to contract effectively, the rest of the vital organs receive inadequate amount of blood resulting to inadequate tissue perfusion. There are two types of left-sided HF; systolic and diastolic failure. Systolic failure happens when the left ventricle doesn’t have the enough energy to pump normally the blood to the general circulation. As for diastolic failure, the left ventricle loses the ability to fill itself with blood during resting period resulting to inadequate amount of blood to be pumped out to the circulation (Weinrauch, 2008). The diastolic dysfunction will eventually lead to right-sided heart failure. Pulmonary edema or congestion happens when the left ventricle of the heart fails. This is simply because the inefficiency of its ventricle to pump effectively causes the blood to back up to the pulmonary capillaries as the pulmonary venous blood rises its pressure into the tissues and alveoli impairing the gas exchange. Pulmonary congestion will be manifested in crackles, difficulty of breathing, frothy pink-tinged sputum and shortness of breath. In addition, the decreased amount of blood ejected from the left side causes ineffective tissue perfusion. This is detrimental to other vital organs such as the kidneys. The low amount of blood delivered to the kidneys causes inadequate renal perfusion. When this happens, renin is released to secrete aldosterone, a vasoconstrictor that promotes sodium and fluid retention. Aldosterone increases the preload to increase the systolic volume (Moreau, 2006). However, this is counterproductive in the long run because an increase in the preload will wear out the heart by working double time as well as increasing lung congestion. The heart failure causes multiple organ failure in chronic conditions such as altered digestion, decreased brain perfusion