Thrombin Essays

injured tissue is termed hemostasis and is comprised of four major events: 1. Initial Phase: Vascular constriction in which the flow of blood to the area of injury is limited and Factor VII is activated. 2. Second Phase: Platelets become activated by thrombin and aggregate at the site of injury forming a temporary, loose platelet plug. Platelets clump by binding to collagen that becomes exposed following rupture of the endothelial lining of vessels. Upon activation, platelets release the nucleotide, additional

1. List the structures and functions of the cardiovascular system. Do not forget blood and vessels are part of this system. The cardiovascular consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. It has three functions one of them is that it transports nutrients, oxygen and hormones to cells throughout the body and removes wastes such as carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste. It also regulates the body’s temperature, fluid pH and water contents of cells. And also it protects it by white blood cells, antibodies

These eventually join together to form the common pathway. The adsorption of the components of the contact system facilitates the activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. This results in the formation of thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin monomers. The thrombin also promotes platelet aggregation. The fibrin stabilizes the platelet aggregates forming a platelet-fibrin thrombus. The formation of this thrombus on the device is bad as it can block the flow of blood to crucial organs

In it’s current state, no FDA antidote currently exists to reverse the thrombin inhibiting effects of the drug. This means that if severe bleeding does occur, there is no proven way to stop it and may potentially lead to death. While such cases are rare, an antidote to reduce such cases further is necessary. Idarucizumab, a

Haemostasis is a physiological process of blood clotting and dissolution of the clot, followed by the repair of injured tissue. It results from interplay of vascular endothelium, platelets, coagulation factors, anti-coagulation mechanisms and fibrinolytic system. The fluidity of blood in the absence of injury is maintained by the balance between pro-coagulant pathway, and the mechanisms that inhibit the pro-coagulant pathway. Imbalance between the two mechanisms, for example during clinical illnesses

Coagulation system is a process to prevent blood loss from the body. Hemostasis process occurred in three phases, vascular platelet phase, activation of the coagulation cascade and the activation of a control mechanism. Mostly, the system is triggered by a damaged blood vessel. After vascular injury, rapid vasoconstriction will serve to reduce blood flow. At the same time, von Willebrand factor (vWf) will act as a bridge between endothelial collagen and platelet surface receptor glycoprotein Ib (GPIb)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a case of uncontrolled activation of proteins that are involved in the clotting process such as thrombin, fibrinolytic proteins, platelets, and coagulation factors. DIC occurs due to inflammation, trauma, infection, and shock. The presence of mucocutaneous bleeding is an evidence of DIC. Disseminated intravascular coagulation has acute and chronic phases. In acute phase, a patient will have severe symptoms

The overreaction of these cells and activated protein C deficiency not only results in vasodilation, damage to endothelium, increased capillary permeability, hypercoagulability but also enhances platelet aggregation and the development of micro-thrombin (Pearson Education, 2015, p. 600). Consequently, blood clots form throughout the microcirculation leading to the obstruction of blood flow and decreased tissue perfusion (Pearson Education, 2015, p.600). Moreover, sepsis can also cause dysfunction

Wound healing process Wound healing is a physiological response initiated by a disruption in tissue integrity and is imperative in maintaining homeostasis. It is a dynamic and complex process consisting of four partly overlapping phases, namely the inflammatory, migratory, proliferative and maturation phase. Notably, this process is non-linear wherein it can advance and retract through the phases depending on various factors within the patients. Inflammatory phase Inflammatory phase can be further

Experiment 11.1: Examining a Blood Smear Introduction: In this section, we discussed the types of blood cells and their appearance when stained and observed under a microscope. You will now examine a blood smear and try to identify the cells. Summary: In recent years, scientists have invented technology to synthesize many parts of the human body including cochlear implants, contacts, and prosthetics. Although humans have discovered these useful tools, only God can create a fully functional body

1. Wound healing process Wound healing, a physiological response to the disruption in tissue integrity, is a dynamic and complex process imperative for maintaining homeostasis. It consists of four partially overlapping phases, namely the inflammatory, migratory, proliferative and maturation phase. Notably, this process is non-linear wherein it can advance and retract through the phases depending on various factors within the patients. 1.1 Inflammatory phase Inflammatory phase can be further divided

1. Wound healing process Wound healing, a physiological response to the disruption in tissue integrity, is a dynamic and complex process imperative for maintaining homeostasis. It consists of four partially overlapping phases, which are the inflammatory, migratory, proliferative and maturation phase. Notably, this process is non-linear wherein it can advance and retract through the phases depending on various factors within the patients. 1.1 Inflammatory phase Inflammatory phase can be further divided

Pseudoaneurysm A pseudoaneurysm happens when an artery is injured and blood leaks out to form a sac-like bulge. The bulge can break open, causing bleeding in the nearby tissues. CAUSES The most common cause of this condition is a procedure such as an angiogram in which a thin tube (catheter) is inserted into an artery. After an angiogram, the insertion site on the artery should close back up all the way. If it does not, blood may leak out of the artery. Other causes of a pseudoaneurysm include:

2.1. Isolation of fibrinolytic enzyme from Paenibacillus sp. IND8 The optimized conditions of fibrinolytic enzyme production by Paenibacillus sp. IND8 were described previously [28]. This organism was cultured under solid-state fermentation for 72 h using wheat bran as the substrate. After 72 h, crude enzyme was extracted from the culture medium. The fibrinolytic enzyme was purified from the crude sample by various steps: ammonium sulfate precipitation, dialysis, ion exchange chromatography, and

Bernard-Soulier syndrome is an inherited platelet disorder caused by a defect in a gene responsible for a receptor that aids platelets in adhering to the lining of injured blood vessels. This disorder is characterized by thrombocytopenia and large nonfunctional platelets (Pham,2007). Patients often present initially with bleeding symptoms such as purpua, epistaxis, ecchymosis, bleeding of the gums, and menorrhagia (Lanza,2006). Diagnosis is further confirmed by platelet aggregation studies and flow

through the activation of intrinsic and extrinsic pathways (Figure-1.1), Current evidence supports the understanding that intrinsic pathway is not a parallel pathway but indeed it augments thrombin generation primarily initiated by the extrinsic pathway. Newer model describes coagulation with following steps: Initiation > Amplification > propagation > stabilization. The coagulation proteins also called clotting factors (Table-1) reactions are

The Wet Cupping procedure In this minor surgical procedure, cups – typically made of metal, glass or plastic, though some cultures still use bamboo cups or even clay pots – are used to suck “bad” blood out of the patient’s body. Certain “Hijama points” on the body become the focus of such treatment, though many practitioners now practice wet cupping wherever the patient feels pain. As we will explain later in the subject on trigger points, Hijama is not always done at the source of the pain, because

1. There are three primary functions of blood; transporting, defending, and regulating. Blood stands as the main conduit for nutrient transportation in the body. For starters, it take blood from the lungs and then passes it out to the various tissue along with nutrients it retrieved from the digestive tract. In addition to several nutrients and carbon dioxide, blood also moves several wastes such as nitrogen by way of capillary exchange. 2. The several types of plasma proteins are albumins, which

Bioprosthetic valves used in heart valve replacement generally offer functional properties that are more similar to those of native valves. Implantation of prosthetic cardiac valves to treat hemodynamically significant aortic or mitral valve disease has become increasingly common. Replacement of diseased valves with prosthetic heart valves reduces the morbidity and mortality associated with native valvular disease, but it comes at the expense of risking complications related to the implanted prosthetic

Coagulase test Coagulase is an enzyme that causes plasma to clot by activating prothrombin to form thrombin which then catalyzes the activation of fibrinogen to form fibrin. Coagulase test was performed one drop of citrated human plasma was added on a slide by using a plastic loop or wooden stick,. Mix well and clumping was observed within 10-15 seconds indicate the coagulase positive test. Citrate test- Fresh (16- to 18-hour) pure culture was used as inoculation source. A single isolated colony