Anionic polyacrylamide may be prepared by copolymerization of acrylic acid with acryl amide, or by partial hydrolysis of polyacrylamide. Fig. 2.5. Synthetic Bridging Mechanism of Flocculant Most bridging flocculants therefore, carry either a positive (cationic) or a negative (anionic) charge. For bridging the polymer must be strongly adsorbed, and adsorption can be promoted by chemical groups having good adsorption characteristics, e.g.
The appropriate combination of dissociation of the components due to the addition of the second component, the existence of weak forces between unlike molecules and differences in sizes and shapes of the components affects the sign and magnitude of the excess isentropic compressibilities [32]. The values in liquid mixtures depends on the molecular structure of component liquids, and influenced by other factors like dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen bonding, and charge transfer interactions and or complex formation. An examination of data in Table 4 cause that the factors causes for negative excess isentropic compressibilities were dominant in the binary mixtures of N-methylformamide with ketones at (303.15 to 318.15) K. The observed negative values indicate that dipole-dipole interaction between unlike molecules is stronger than N-methylformamide- N-methylformamide or ketone-ketone interactions in all the systems under study [33]. The algebraic values fall in the order cyclopentanone > cyclohexanone >
Nonetheless, the light yellow solid was purified by using the recrystallization technique. The formation of o-nitroacetanilide is inevitable and in order to eliminate it, 95% ethanol is used as the solvent of choice. The ortho isomer is soluble in the cold alcohol solution whereas p-nitroacetanilide in insoluble. As a result, the ortho isomer remains in the liquid solution and the final product, the p-nitroacetanilide is isolated with a final vacuum
Chlorophyll A and B are both insoluble in water but both very soluble in the solvent made up of petroleum ether and acetone. The tail of both molecules is made up of carbon atoms, and the head is hydrophilic; the one difference between the A and B molecules is on the head of the A molecule, CH3 is present, whereas on the B pigment, a carbon atom is double bonded to an oxygen atom and single bonded to a hydrogen atom. From this, we can speculate that the hydrophilic properties of Chlorophyll make the two pigments very soluble in the solvent. They are insoluble in water based on the fact that the entire molecule is not
The N‟-2- (bromophenyl)-N,N-dimethylurea 16 underwent lithiation on the nitrogen to form a monolithio intermediate using MeLi, followed by bromine-lithium exchange using t-BuLi to give the dilithio species 17. 14 The intermediate 17 was then exposed to carbon monoxide to give 18, which after cyclization forms the intermediate 19, followed by loss of LiNMe2 to give 20, and finally after work up with dilute acid yielded the isatin product 1. 1 13 14 15 6 N O O 1) MeLi, 0 C CO Br N H O NMe2 2) t-BuLi, 0 C Li N O NMe2 Li C N Li O Li O NMe2 N O NMe2 O Li Li -LiNMe2 N H O O Li H3O + X X X X X X A rather versatile and novel two step synthesis of isatins was presented by Mironov in 2001 and allowed for the preparation of isatins containing electron withdrawing groups such as - CF3, -NO2, and -Cl. The method is based on the reaction between aromatic isocyanides and tertiary amines,15 where in the first step, 2-triethylammonio-3-arylaminoindolates 23 were obtained from the corresponding aromatic formamides 21 without isolation of the intermediate isocyanides 22. 16 Heating the 2-triethylammonio-3-arylaminoindolates 23 in excess thionyl chloride followed by hydrolysis led to the target
Polymers are additives used widely in pharmaceutical systems for numerous objectives, i.e. as suspending, emulsifying and flocculating agents, adhesives, and for packaging and coating materials. Polymers are made up of repeating monomer units with a high molecular weight. Their chemical reactivity depends on the chemistry of their monomer units, but their properties depend mainly on how the monomers are assembled together. Nearly all polymers exist with a range of molecular weight and for convenience the reported molecular weight of a polymer is the average molecular weight.
The mixture was heated at 110 ºC and for 7 h. The mixture was washed with the water and was dried by using anhydrous sodium sulphate [18]. Synthesis of oleyl 9,(12)-oleoyloxy-10,(13)-oleioxyoctadecanoate (OLOLOODT) (5) OLHYOODT 4 (2.5g; 0.003 mol), pyridine (1.66 g; 0.002 mol) and CCl4 (10 mL) were mixed and heated at 60 °C. OLC (16.2 g; 0.013 mol) was adding during 1 h, and the reaction mixture was refluxed for (5.5 h). The mixture was washed with the water and was dried by using anhydrous sodium sulphate [19]. Characterization FTIR and 1H and 13C NMR FTIR of the products was recorded on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum GX spectrophotometer in the range 400-4000 cm-1.
Additionally, the presence of multiple charged or uncharged side chains may be advantageous to facilitate gel formation, production of a high viscosity composition, and/or interaction between molecules in the composition and/or tissue. Low molecular weight, small chain polysaccharides require higher concentrations to produce viscous, gel-like materials, and tend to be less desirable. One of the preferred polysaccharides is hydroxypropylmethylcellulose which is preferably used in a sterile aqueous solution. As a sterile solution it may be formulated to have a molecular weight exceeding 80,000 daltons and a viscosity of at least about 4,000 centipoise. See, for example, Thomas J. Liesegang et al., "The Use of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose in Extracapsular Cataract Extraction with Intraocular Lens Implantation", Am.
Table 1: Grade of Concrete M60 Water cement ratio 0.36 ACI 211.4R IS 456-2000 Table 5 Cement 450 Kg OPC 43 grade, IS 8112-1989 Fine Aggregate 730 Kg IS 383-1970 Coarse Aggregate 20mm 12mm 680 kg 450 kg IS 383-1970 Water 160 Litre Mineral Admixture Silica Fume @ 8% 36 Kg IS 456-2000 Cl,5.2.1.2 (5 to 10%) Chemical Admixture Hyper Plasticizer- CLASSIC SUPERFLOW PC 8860 @ 1% 4.5 Litre IS 456-2000,Cl,10.3.3 (0.5 to 2%) Design Mix Proportions 1:1.62:2.51 ACI 211.4R IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMME A. Materials Chemical admixtures such as hyper-plasticizers (High range water reducer) increase concrete strength by reducing the mixing water requirement for a constant slump and by disbursing cement particles with or without a change in mixing water content permitting more efficient hydration. The main consideration of using hyper-Plasticizers in concrete is the high fines requirements for cohesiveness of the mix and rapid slump loss. The properties of hyper-plasticizers used are shown in Table 2.
The condensation product between the aromatic aldehydes and the aromatic ketones are 1,3-diphenylprop-2-en-1-ones, which are commonly known as chalcones. If any other types of aldehydes and ketones are used, the product is frequently known as α,β-unsaturated ketones. Chalcones and α,β-unsaturated ketones have been captivating, the medicinal,[1] synthetic,[2] and applied chemists[3] by virtue of their structural units (Figure 1) which have been gained many access to tailor the molecule suitably for wide range of applications in medicinal,[1] synthetic,[2] and applied chemistry. [3] The fluorine has the special topic of interest among the chemists as its introduction into the organic molecules leads to a dramatic changes in their physical and chemical properties. [4] The recent activities show a remarkable growth in fluorine chemistry as the chemists practiced to do polishing the organic molecules with fluorine to improve their properties, leading to widespread applications in medicinal,[4b,c,5] agrochemicals,[6]