Morphological Awareness

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Morphological awareness: morphological awareness refers to a ‘‘conscious awareness of the morphemic structure of words and the ability to reflect on and manipulate that structure’’ (Carlisle, 1995, p. 194). Also referred to as “the study of word structure” (Carlisle, 2004), it is an ability to recognize, understand, and use affixes or word parts (prefixes, suffixes, etc) that “carry significance” when speaking as well as during reading tasks. It is a hugely important skill for building vocabulary, reading fluency and comprehension as well as spelling (Apel & Lawrence, 2011; Carlisle, 2000; Binder & Borecki, 2007; Green, 2009).

Reading comprehension: reading comprehension is the process of constructing meaning from text. The goal of all reading …show more content…

This influential model also has been applied to spelling acquisition (Treiman, 1993). The role of phonology (or phonological awareness) in word reading and spelling has been widely recognized (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development [NICHD], 2000) as word reading requires converting letters to sounds and spelling requires representation of sounds using letters. Although necessary, phonological awareness is not sufficient; orthographic awareness also is necessary because both word reading and spelling involve knowing and representing letters and letter patterns. In addition, knowledge of word meanings (vocabulary) is hypothesized to interact with orthography and phonology and contribute to word reading (Duff & Hulme, 2012; Nation & Snowling, 2004; Oullette, 2006; Ricketts, Nation, & Bishop, 2007). Due to inconsistent grapheme-phoneme correspondences in English, children's semantic knowledge might help them read words over and above phonological and orthographic awareness, particularly irregular words in English (Ricketts et al., 2007). It should be noted that although the connectionist model of word reading includes semantics (vocabulary), vocabulary has been primarily examined for its contribution to reading …show more content…

. . that activate stances' ([Alessandro] Duranti 2009: 30-31). Other work explores how language is used to reproduce, naturalize, and contest gender ideologies, drawing from many disciplinary perspectives . . .. Critical discourse, narrative, metaphor, and rhetorical analysis have been used to examine other gendered dimensions of processes of meaning making, such as gender bias in cell biology (Beldecos et al. 1988) and factory farm industry language used to conceal violence (Glenn

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