Classical Conditioning And Observational Learning Analysis

Operant conditioning is a condition in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer to the approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus. “The fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that behavior is determined by its consequences. Behavior does not occur as isolated and unrelated events; the consequences that follow the actions of an animal, be they good, bad, or indifferent, will have an effect on the frequency with which those actions are repeated in the future,” (Laule 2). A reinforcement strengthens a response, reinforcement

Socio-behaviorists often study how children 's experiences model their behaviors (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Behaviorism believes that what matters is not the development itself, but the external factors that shape children 's behaviors (Nolan & Raban, 2015). This theory demonstrates that teachers and mentors dominate and instruct child-related activities, and they decide what children should learn and how to learn (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Reinforcement, which is an essential factor that helps children to learn particular behaviors, generally refers to rewards and punishments (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Children are more likely to repeat actions that result in receiving praise; in contrast, they may ignore or abandon behaviors that make them get punishment. Nevertheless, Skinner points out that children learn nothing from the punishment. Instead, they may start to work out how to avoid it (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. This concept embodies in a famous experiment, in which the food is presented to the dog when the bell rings, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus for the dog (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Likewise, if children receive toys in the condition that they behave well, then they will probably repeat this behavior to get the toys. Nevertheless, Pavlov 's theory of classical conditioning is somehow extreme, as it reduces

Watson 's classic paper, "Psychology as the Behaviourist Views It." It is best summed up by the following quote from Watson, who is often considered the "father" of behaviourism:

Operant conditioning is a theory which was developed by an American psychologist named B.F. Skinner. This theory has been known as a learning process. It applies to four different methods, that consists of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. In this case positive is seen as something being added and negative as something being taken away. The most effective method to utilize for changing a behavior in the future is positive reinforcement.

Modern psychology now bases its theories in feasibility and replicability. The fact that most of the constructs in Freud’s theory such as the id, ego and superego cannot be tested and proven has made the theory invalid today. On the other hand, behaviorism is still very valid as its based on scientific laboratory experiments. Behaviorism has been replicated in many studies with the same results being achieved. The theory is still valid in modern therapeutic applications through behavior modification and behavioral therapy e.g flooding and shaping. It is also currently used in the treatment of depression and anxiety

Classical conditioning is a learning process in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with an adjusted stimulus over and over again until the subject elicits a conditioned reaction. This technique is said to have inspired behaviorism and is regarded as one of the most important discoveries in psychology. It is also known as respondent conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning in tribute to the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov who was the first to discover classical conditioning around 1900. Pavlov was experimenting with dogs to learn more about their digestive process when he accidently discovered the phenomenon. He inserted devices in the dogs’ mouth to measure their saliva. During his experiments Pavlov started to notice that

In Lauren Slater’s book, “Opening Skinner’s Box,” we discover in the first three chapters the mysteries behind a few psychological experiments and the discoveries that three profound psychologists have made. Each chapter is about a different psychologist, the first is B.F. Skinner; a behaviorist who designed a process of learning in which behavior is controlled, he called this operant conditioning. Lauren Slater wanted people to know about his experiment, she read his books, talked to friends and family members to unearth the features behind this man. She found that he was a loving father, who could train animals to do unordinary things, like play the piano for an example, through the processes of operant conditioning,

People in Brave New World, in my belief, are conditioned. They are conditioned to be a part of a certain caste, each caste having their own duties towards civilization. They are governed from birth to become what it is the government envisions them to be. This is done by teaching individuals to have a set perspective on all elements of the world from birth.

Thinking back on when these happened I can recall one moment where Classical conditioning came into play. One situation when I noticed that it was classical conditioning was when I was trying to teach my dog how to sit. To help with teaching her I would have a treat in my hand, the treat would play as the unconditioned stimulus just like the puff of air in the eye blinking experiment. When I had the treat in my hand I would show it to Rebel to let her know that it would be her prize if she did the trick correctly. While holding the treat in my hand I would say “sit’, over and over until she would sit then I would hand her the treat this was an example as unconditioned response, just like the blinking of the eye when puff of air came out. The word and ton of my voice would play as the conditioned stimulus like the light tone in the eye blink experiment. Now that she understands she gets a treat when she sit, when I walk over to the cabinet that has the treat box she comes running and sitting right in front of me even though I did not grab a treat this would be claimed as an conditioned response. This is just like when the rat would blink its eyes when there was the tone and no air coming

Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus. Eventually, the previously neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response without the presence of the naturally occurring stimulus. The two elements are then known as the conditioned stimulus and the conditioned response.

Classical conditioning is defined as the learning process in which two stimuli become associated with each other (Licht, Hull, & Ballantyne 2016). Personally, I can relate to this type of conditioning. There was a time when my family and I went to a Chinese restaurant. I ordered the steamed chicken with broccoli and garlic sauce, which was one of my favorite dishes. That night, when I got home, I got food poisoning from the chicken and broccoli. Now, I cannot bear to smell my favorite Chinese food anymore because it makes me sick to my stomach. The unconditioned stimulus would be the food poisoning after I ate the bad Chinese food because I could not help that I got sick. The unconditioned response was feeling sick and nauseated. The conditioned

Both Skinner’s theory of operant conditioning and Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning can be used every day in an ECCE setting. Today many school systems and childhood authorities follow Skinner’s and Pavlov’s theory by using the approach of positive reinforcement. This encourages good behaviour in the child making the behaviour more likely to be repeated again as they are rewarded and praised for their efforts in reading, writing and general learning. It is important that children’s efforts in a learning setting are rewarded as this will encourage the child to perform to the best of their ability. School authorities only use negative reinforcement as a last resort.

As defined by Sternberg (1995), Behaviourism is the name given to a school of thought which implements a group of therapeutic techniques based on the principles of classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning refers to a subject forming behavioural patterns based on experiences they associate with completing the same pattern in the past; this emerged as a factor in 20th Century Psychiatry as a result of Pavlov’s dog experiment which involved the premise that responses are a matter of reflex based on past experience. As demonstrated by how the dogs in question would salivate when they saw humans as they immediately associated them

So, how does both Classical and Operant Conditioning translate to real world experiences? In Classical conditioning, the brain can be conditioned to perform a task or a response by providing a stimulus. For example, when little Albert goes the doctor and get his first vaccination shot. Little Albert start to cry because of the pain from the needle. Then, the next time he visits the doctor and sees a syringe, little Albert begins to cry. The crying from the first visit to doctor, which was little Alberts unconditioned response to pain, was produced by the syringe which in turn became the conditioned stimulus for the conditioned response of crying. In other words, little Albert cries at the sight of a syringe because he is associating it with

Educators and learners have rights in the classroom. Insist on responsible behaviour. Use hierarchical list of consequences and encouragements, rather than praise.