Examples Of Communication Strategies In Communicative Language Teaching
APPENDIX I
There are several communication strategies in Communicative Language Teaching (CTL) that discussed by Tarone (1981. pp.286-287).
1. Paraphrase
a. Approximation : Use of single target language vocabulary item or structure, which the students knows is not correct, but which shares enough semantic features in common with the desired item to satisfy the speaker ( E.g. pipe of for water pipe ).
b. Word coinage: The student makes up a new word in order to communicate the desired concept. (E.g. air ball for balloon).
c. Circumlocution: The student describes the characteristics or elements of the object or action instead of using the appropriate target language item or structure (“She is, uh, smoking something. I don’t know what its name is. That’s, uh, Persian, and we use in Turkey, a lot of.”).
2. Borrowing
a. Literal translation: The student translates word for word from the native language (e.g. “He invites him to drink” for “They toast one another”).
b. Language switch: The student uses the native language term without bothering to translate (e.g. balon for balloon, tirtil for caterpillar).
3. Appeal for Assistance: The student asks for the correct term. (e.g. “What is this? What called?”).
4. Mime: The student uses nonverbal strategies in place of a lexical item or action (e.g. clapping one’s hands to illustrate applause)
5. Avoidance
a. Topic avoidance: the student simply tries not to talk about the concepts for which the target language item or structure is not
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