Summary
The present study is concern with the assessing the effect of different mineral salts and varying urea concentration on Aspergillus sp. growth and enzyme production under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Aspergillus versicolor was screened for the production of enzyme by SSF method. The fungus was placed on potato-dextrose agar (PDA) medium, subcultured them once in a week and then incubates at temperature of 30⁰C. The role agro-wastes in the solid-state fermentation (SSF) method are as substrate. The substrate was washed and dried in the oven. Later on, sieve the substrate into smaller pieces and ground them by using an electronic blender. Placed the substrate into a plastic container. In this study, solid-state fermentation (SSF) method was used instead of using submerged fermentation (SmF). Several parameters were optimized for each agro-waste to obtain maximum enzyme yield. A few types of agricultural wastes (sago hampas, orange peels and pineapple peels) were tested as substitutes of carboxymethylcellulase (CMC) in medium for the production of cellulase and pectinase enzyme by Aspergillus versicolor. As the results obtained, it suggested that this system yields the ample amount of product but decrease the cost for the production of enzyme is capable of being achieved for the application in industrial sector.
Methods Unknown microbial #398 went through several of tests in order to identify its characteristics when isolated from a urine sample of Doris, a 64- year old patient with a kidney infection. To identify unknown #398, must prepare a working and a reserve stock by the inoculation from a broth culture and by quadrant streaking method on a PEM and EMP plates. The following test procedures were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours for observation and identification for unknown #398. The identification of unknown #398 followed test procedures from Brown1.
Guest Speaker Ivan Bozanic Draft 2 Ivan’s wife, children and grand-children insisted he write a book so that his entire family would know his story of where he came from before arriving in Australia at the age of 17 in October 1949. He wrote his autobiography titled, ‘Before and After Bonegilla.’ Prior to WW2 Bonegilla was a huge army training centre; it is situated near the Snowy Mountains in the Albury Wodonga area. In 1948 it was converted into a migrant centre to accommodate refugees from Europe.
Do you suspect that you have black mold in your Los Angeles home? Black mold is most commonly a greenish black color. In most cases, you can tell right away whether or not the mold in your home is black mold or not. While it is always advised that you get mold removed and taken care of, there are some types of mold that you should have removed right away. One of those types of mold is black mold.
Materials and Methods To start with, the unknown bacteria # 710 broth had to be successfully isolated on an EMB and MAC agar plate. Using aseptic technique by sterilizing the wire loop with Bunsen Burner between inoculations and flaming the opening of the test tubes before inserting in the loop with the bacteria. The streaking technique used was to isolate the colonies on the agar plates. In addition, the streak plates had to be incubated in a upturned position for 24 hours in a hot temperature incubator at 37 degree Celsius. Bacteria need a favorable condition to grow in.
Peroxidase is the most reliable and accessible enzyme to use as it can be easily prepared and tested (Ramesh Kumar 1). An enzymes shape is critical
In medieval siege, when conventional tactics and weapon were not sufficient, they often resorted to unconventional tactics and moves such as food poisoning, water poisoning, throwing infected dead bodies and animal carcasses into the walls of the besieged town, the kind of medieval biological warfare. In the medieval period, most of the towns were fortified, surrounded by tick and high walls. It was very difficult, sometimes even with a siege machines to enter into such a fortified town.
There are few vegetables and fruits that turns to the color brown if their surface is exposed to oxygen. Once the veggies or fruits been exposed to oxygen, then the browning begins to appear, and electrons and hydrogen will be removed. This happens because of an enzyme called catechol oxidase. The enzyme will act on its substrate catechol to form a yellow compound which then reacts with the oxygen in the air and change into benzoquinone. The more concentration of the enzyme, the more browning appears.
Enzymes are a form of protein that lowers activation energy and speeds up reactions as a catalyst. They are made by the stringing together of an abundant amount of amino acids and folded into a specific shape for chemical reactions. Turnip Peroxidase is the enzyme used in this lab and is derived from the vegetable. Enzymes are not used up or permanently altered by their environment Peroxidases are found in a range of organisms and function to break down alcohol (H2O2) and creates byproducts of oxygen and water. In this experiment, the reducing agent guaiacol is added with the substrate, hydrogen peroxide, to create water and oxygen.
Black molds and mildews are known for bringing about various health problems in human beings. Though they are essential for earth 's ecosystem, they are not at all good for our health. Indoor black molds can result in serious health issues for men, women, kids and seniors. Individuals with compromised immune system suffer a lot when exposed to black molds. Black Mold Health Effects: Mold spores are released in air.
Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity 1. Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2. Independent Variable pH 3. Controlled Variables temperature, amount of substrate (sucrose) present, sucrase + sucrose incubation time Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity 1.
1% glucose, 1% maltose and 1% lactose all progressively get positive results by changing colours to reddish brown at the end of this experiment. In this case the aldehyde functional group that is present in the products (monosaccharides and some disaccharides) in this reaction is able to reduce copper in the presence of alkali and this produces colour changes while converting to an aldose sugar. Honey is made of fructose and glucose which instantly turned brown after the test-tube was placed in the boiling water because of its active aldehyde and carbonyl group. The copper (II) sulphate present in the Benedict’s solution reacts with electrons from the aldehyde group which results in a redox reaction to from cuprous oxide, a red brown precipitate that seen in all of the above mentioned solutions (Hill, 1982). Beer also gave positive results because it contains aldehydes and ketones (i.e. acetone, trans-2-butenal, furfual) during its beer production process where the sugars are converted through fermentation (Hill, 1982).
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions enabling more products to be formed within a shorter span of time. Enzymes are fragile and easily disrupted by heat or other mild treatment. Studying the effect of temperature and substrate concentration on enzyme concentration allows better understanding of optimum conditions which enzymes can function. An example of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is enzymatic hydrolysis of an artificial substrate, o-Nitrophenylgalactoside (ONPG) used in place of lactose. Upon hydrolysis by B-galactosidase, a yellow colored compound o-Nitrophenol (ONP) is formed.
In this experiment , we can prove that the temperature, pH and salt are the factors that will affect the structure and function of the enzyme as it is a kind of protein . Therefore, there may be an influence on the activity of enzyme which substrates cannot be binded on the active site if the amylase in too high or low ph and temperature and excess salt environment . On the other hand optimum ph and temperature and suitable salt concentration may favour the amylase activity . Reference : 1.2016, May 08). Effects of pH on Amylase Activity.
Ringworm is the most common form of fungal infection in the world. It is an extremely contagious skin infection. There was not even any documentation of this until the 1920 's. It is theorized that American soldiers brought it to the United States after World War I from Europe. When you hear the term Ringworm, you might think that an actual worm is involved with the infection, but this is not the case. Ringworm is a fungal infection that sometimes leaves a circle-like appearance.
The media used in this experiment was Trypticase nitrate broth. The reagents used (A and B) were sulfanilic acid and alpha-naphthylamine (respectively). Using aseptic technique, the bacterium (16A and 16B) were inoculated into labeled broth test tubes. The tubes were incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees Celsius. When the incubation was complete 5 drops of reagent A and 5 drops of reagent B were added to each of the broths.